Expression of von hippel - lindau [VHL] gene mutation in diagnosed cases of renal cell carcinoma

To evaluate the expression of Von Hippel Lindau [VHL] gene in diagnosed cases of renal cell carcinoma. This cross sectional study was conducted in department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, JPMC, Karachi, from January 2007 to December 2012. Paraffin embedded blocks of 30 cases of radical nephrectomy specimens diagnosed as renal cell carcinoma including CCRCC 21 [70%] CCPRCC, 3 [10%], PRCC 2 [6.79%], hybrid tumor 4 [13.3%], chromophobe tumor [0%] processed for VHL gene expression on Polymerase Chain Reaction. All the 30 cases previously diagnosed as renal cell carcinoma were processed on PCR, VHL gene mutations were seen in 20 [95.23%] of CCRCC while a single case was negative for VHL mutations. All CCPRCC were negative for VHL mutation. Among the hybrid tumor 03 cases with foci of clear cells show VHL mutation while a single case showing combination of clear cells and chromophobe cells was negative for mutation. Both the cases of PRCC were positive for mutation. Exon 3 mutation at base pair 194 seen in 8 [32%] cases and Exon 2 mutation at base pair 150-159 seen in 17 [68%] cases. None of the cases showed Exon 1 mutation. The present study shows that majority of CCRCC showed VHL mutation including the hybrid tumor with clear cell component in our population

Spectrum of salivary gland lesions and frequency of adenoid cystic carcinoma in salivary glands and extra salivary sites

[1] To see the morphological patterns of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of salivary glands. [2] To see the frequency of adenoid cystic carcinoma in salivary gland and extra salivary sites. Retrospective and prospective study. This study was conducted at pathology department, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, JPMC Karachi during 2005 to 2008 i.e. over 4 years. Data collection of all the cases of salivary gland lesions including the cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma at extra salivary sites over a 4-years period gland [2005-2008]. Heamotoxylin and eoxin [H and E] stained sections were studied in all cases. Special stains performed in selected cases included PAS, Reticulin and Trichrome. Total of 43 cases were retrieved and evaluated. Out of 43 cases only 2 cases [4.6%] were non-neoplastic i.e acute and chronic sialadenitis. Among the neoplastic lesions, most common benign tumour was pleomorphic adenoma counting 32 cases [74.4%] and one case [2.3%] of monomorphic adenoma. In the malignant tumours there were 3 cases [74.4%] and one case [2.3%] of monomorphic adenoma. In the malignant tumours there were 3 cases [6.9%] of adenoid cystic carcinoma, 3 cases [6.9%] of muco-epidermoid carcinoma and 1 case [2.3%] each of squamous cell carcinoma and acinic cell carcinoma. Total cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma were 6 [14.6%]. 3 of them originated from the salivary glands and 3 were seen at extra salivary sites including one case each in lacrimal gland, vagina and nasal cavity. Benign tumours comprise 76.7% of all salivary gland lesions. Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the most common malignant tumour, also found at extra salivary sites; therefore it should not be overlooked at extra salivary sites

study of perinatal mortality in lahore general hospital

This study was conducted at Obs/Gyae department of Lahore General Hospital, Lahore from 1[st] January 2004 to 31[st] December 2004. The aim of this study was to calculate the perinatal mortality rate and find out the various demographic and maternal risk factors leading to it. According to the results of the study the perinatal mortality rate was 91.9/1000 births [394 perinatal deaths /4287 total births]. Stillbirths accounted for 64% of perinatal deaths and 36% were early neonatal deaths. As a result of this study, major determinants of perinatal deaths are found to be increased maternal age, poor socioeconomic class, lack of antenatal care and complications arising from hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, mechanical factors [like obstructed labour and malpresentations] ante partum haemorrhage, bad obstetric history, induction of labour and operative delivery. Many of these factors are avoidable. Efforts must be oriented towards primary measures to improve the conditions at community level

Fine needle aspiration cytology: application to children with neck masses

Fine needle aspiration cytology is widely used to screen neck masses in adult population. Our present series of 40 fine needle aspiration cytology performed during January 2001 to December 2002, on 40 children with clinically significant neck masses. These fine needle aspiration cytology were confirmed by subsequent surgical biopsies, or follow up of patient for 18 months. Out of the 40 aspirations performed 32 required no subsequent surgical biopsy whereas those of 8 tumors identified, 6 were malignant. In 4 of these cases, metastatic tumors were diagnosed and appropriate therapy provided. Two false negative and one false positive result were obtained. No delay in treatment occurred because of false negative result and no radical treatment resulted from the false positive diagnosis. The sensitivity was 93.8% and the specificity was 94.4. The usefulness and cost effectiveness of fine needle aspiration is stressed